Background: The most common primary tumors of brain are gliomas. grading of tumor is vital for designing proper treatment plans. The gold standard choice to determine the grade of glial tumor is biopsy which is an invasive method. Objective: In this study, we try to investigate the role of fractional anisotropy (diffusion anisotropy) and linear anisotropy coefficient (its shape) with the aim of Diffusion Tensor imaging (as a non-invasive method) in the grading of gliomas. Methods: A group of 20 patients with histologically glial approved was evaluated. In this study, we used a 1. 5-Tesla MR system (AVANTO; Siemens, Germany) with a standard head coil for scanning. Multi-directional diffusion weighted imaging (measured in 12 non-collinear directions) and T1 weighted non-enhanced were performed for all patients. We defined two Regions of Interest (ROIs); white matter adjacent to the tumor and the homologous fiber tracts to the first ROI in the contralateral hemisphere. Results: Linear anisotropy coefficient (CL), fractional anisotropy (FA) values and ratios of low-grade peri-tumoral fiber tracts were higher than high-grade gliomas (Pvalue CLt=0. 014, P-value CLt/n=0. 019 and P-value FAt=0. 006, P-value FAt/n=0. 024). In addition, we perform ROC curve for each parameter (CL ratio-AUC = 0. 82 and FA ratio-AUC = 0. 868). Conclusion: Our findings prove significant difference between diffusion anisotropy (FA) and diffusion shape (Cl) between low grade and high grade glioma, based on which we find this evaluation helpful in the grading of glial tumors.

Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality in women due to malignant diseases and is the most prevalent type of cancer in western countries. According to investigations which has been done in Iran so far, the prevalence of disease in our country is also very high, therefore complete attention to clinical and pathological findings of this disease would be extremely essential. In this study, the direct relationship between axillary lymph node involvement and the aggressiveness of invasive ductal carcinoma has been brought into consideration.This study is a case series of 90 patients which all of them have had radical mastectomy because of breast cancer and all their samples has been referred to the center of pathology of Imam hospital. Based on modified Bloom-Richardson grading, all the samples have been graded. The study of all lymph node samples related to above cases has also been conducted along with the main study.The most frequent ages of disease was 31 to 40 and left breast had most involvement. from all cases, 12.2% were in grade I with 27.2% lymph node involvement, 66.7% grade II with 73.4% lymph node involvement and 21.1% in grade III with 100% lymph node involvement (p=0.00008).Based on statistical analysis we concluded that the axillary lymph node involvement in brest cancer is strongly associated with the aggressiveness of invasive ductal carcinoma.This important point should not be neglected in planning for treatment of this kind of disease.

Background: The grading evaluation of atlas based auto-segmentation (ABAS) of organs at risk (OARs) in thorax was studied. Materials and Methods: Forty patients with thoracic cancer were included in this study, and for each thirteen thoracic OARs were delineated by an experienced radiation oncologist. The patients were randomly grouped into the training and the test dataset (20 each). The investigated ABAS strategies included single-atlas (Single), majority voting with 5 atlas matches (MV5) and simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) with 5 atlas matches (ST5). The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), the difference of the Euclidean distance between centers of mass (Δ CMD), the difference of volume (Δ V), maximum Hausdorff distance (MHD) and average Hausdorff distance (AHD) between auto-segmented and manual contours were calculated. Results: Most of the index values (33/65) of ST5 were optimal. There were differences in the grading results for the five indexes. With DSC, five, four and four OARs were graded into Level 3, Level 2 and Level 1, respectively. The mean DSC values ranged from 0. 88 to 0. 96, from 0. 73 to 0. 79, and from 0. 53 to 0. 62 for the Level 3, Level 2 and Level 1, respectively. Conclusion: grading evaluation of ABAS of thoracic OARs based on the DSC proved to be feasible and relatively more reliable. The thoracic OARs auto-segmentation was divided into three levels based on the DSC. Level 3 OARs can be auto-segmented, Level 2 OARs delineations need to be manually modified after the auto-segmentation, and Level 1 OARs are not recommended for the auto-segmentation.

This study was conducted to achieve effective and low-cost technology for non-destructive grading of unshelled almonds in real time. A laboratory prototype of an intelligent online impact-acoustic system composed of a feeding unit, acoustical recognition unit, and pneumatic separator with an electronic controller unit was constructed and tested. To evaluate system operation according to almond variety and class (hard, semi-soft, and soft), the effect of an acoustic signal generated by dropping the nuts onto a steel plate was captured by microphone and the amplitude, phase, and power spectral density were extracted from analysis of the sound signal in the time and frequency domains by means of fast Fourier transform. A multilayer perceptron neural network with a LM training function were used in all experiments. The classification accuracy using validation data was about 96. 2% in the offline mode, but accuracy decreased to 88% in the online mode. This decrease in accuracy was probably the result of a difference in size and mass of the almond samples in the hard and semi-soft classes.

Background: Personal values in each organization are the most effective factor in building a culture based of ethics. Nursing is a profession that needs ethical knowledge for guiding behaviors. So this research grading the nurses personal values in Isfahan hospitals and match them with Islamic values.Methods: A categorical sample of 103 participants was selected. Rokeach Value Survey was used to measure values. The data were analyzed by spss-18.Results: the findings indicated that the most important terminal values were family security, wellbeing and salvation and the most instrumental values were honesty, capability and ambitious.Conclusion: By Identifying the values organizations would perceive the nature of ethics in individual levels.

Background and Aim: Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder (TCC) is a relatively common cancer among the males. The tumor progression is associated with expression or modulation of several gene products that control apoptosis and proliferation. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between tumor expression of p53 and TCC histologic grade.Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, the data regarding 35 cases with bladder carcinoma diagnosed at the pathology laboratory of Emam Reza Hospital- retrieved from the hospital records- was analysed. Sections from paraffin-embeded tissues were retrieved and stained for p53 oncoprotein using immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. P53 oncoprotein results in relation to tumour grade were analysed statistically at the significant level of P £0.05.Results: Among 45 patients 39 cases (87%) had transitional cell carcinoma (TCC); 4 cases (9%) squamous cell carcinoma and 2 cases (4%) anaplastic carcinoma. Out of 39 cases with TCC, 9 (23.1%) were grade I, 14 (35.9%) grade II and 16(41%) grade Ill. After IHC staining, over expression of P53 was found in 4 (44.4%) of 9 patients with grade I, 10 (71.4%) of 14 patients with grade II and 15(93.8%) of 16 Cases with grade Ill. The number ofp53 positive was 29 cases (74.4%) out of39 patients and was significantly higher in high-grade TCC (P Value= 0.026).Conclusion: Regarding the results of the study, the accuracy of immunohistochemistry technique to diagnose P53 mutation seems to be around 90%. However, to obtain better results assessing a study with larger number of patients is recommended.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Background and Objectives: Varicocele is the abnormal dilation and tortuosity of venous plexus (venous) above the testicles. The pattern of abnormal heat distribution in the scrotum can be diagnosed using thermal imaging. Thermal imaging is a distant, non-contact, and non-invasive method.Subjects and Methods: This study is descriptive-analytical one. Using a non-contact infrared camera (SDS Hotfind L) and taking images of 50 patients with varicocele.Capabilities of thermography were studied and evaluated.The variables studied in this research include age, marital status, smoking, and temperature of (Scrotum, Pampiniform venous plexus).Results: In two cases, with the help of heat distribution, varicocele was detected using a thermal camera; one was thermal asymmetry and increased temperature in venous plexus pampiniform and the other was differences in features obtained from wavelet transform in healthy and varicloceled cases. If the index was only the diagnosis of varicocele, according to Gold standard of Doppler ultrasound, the sensitivity of thermography was 70 % with 88.23 %specificity.Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the thermography for the diagnosing varicocele is more suitable way as a complementary method. Additionally, testicular thermography can be used for early and rapid screening with many samples sizes in places such as barracks and areas where the use of ultrasound devices cannot be used.